Subjective Factors
1. Groups and individuals who claimed that there was a problem to be solved.
Within the context of the larger social problem, that being the discrimination against the French Canadians within Quebec, there were many smaller examples of this social problem in which many individuals claimed the existence of the social problem.
The French Canadians, or more specifically the working class, saw the Chateau Clique as not interested in adequately addressing their demands. Many French leaders, such as Louis Joseph Papineau, leader of the Parti Patriote, rallied for responsible government. In 1834 Papineau drafted the 92 Resolutions to Britain to obtain this aim. Among others, these resolutions addressed many of the injustices facing the French Canadians, such as Resolutions 9-45, which demanded the renunciation the composition of the Legislative Council and the attainment of responsible government. Papineau stated that "We [French Canadians] will not cease our demands for full political rights and power. And though we feel uneasy, we hope that the British government will at last grant us justice. In this hope, we shall do nothing to hasten our separation from the mother country, unless it be to lead the people people towards that day, which will know monarchy nor aristocracy.". As well, in his report, Lord Durham recognized the tension between the French Canadian population and the Chateau Clique, finding "two warring nations within a single State; a struggle, not of principles, but of races; [in the form of] mortal hatred which now divides the inhabitants of Lower Canada into two hostile groups: French and English." To address this problem he proposed the union of Upper and Lower Canada, in hopes that the French Canadians would abandon their identity as a people.
Henri Bourassa was also a prominent individual who claimed in a severe injustice against the French Canadians. He was a fierce opponent of conscription and of Canada's ties to Britain. In the 1890's, Henri Bourassa and TJJ Loranger led a group of French Canadians that came up with the theory of 'compact of nationalities'. They advocated widely for the acceptance of French-speaking Canadians in to the society at large, and even requested that Wilfrid Laurier, the Prime Minister of Canada at that time, to include this theory into his 1897 agreement with the Premier of Manitoba. During the 1930's, the Union Nationale, under the leadership of Maurice Duplessis, tackled problems such as the Conscription Crisis, and later, the Quiet Revolution.
2. How the social problem was described by the groups and individuals involved
The French-speaking populations of Quebec constantly found themselves at a disadvantage in decisions of the government, who they claimed catered only to the needs of the English-speaking populations. The vast majority of the French-speaking Canadians were strongly opposed to issues that limited their rights, such as the monopolistic rule of the Chateau Clique or the establishment of conscription. Henri Bourassa, a prominent individual in the social problem, is quoted saying "Weigh my words: for French Canadians, the advent of [an injust act] would trigger a process that would soon transform what is now perhaps the most peaceful and most orderly people in the Americas into a revolutionary people. Once unleashed, this revolutionary spirit would rage not only against the military regime, but everywhere: in factories, in agriculture, in every area of industry, society and politics.” Many other members of the francophone community shared this view.
On the other hand, the Anglophone community possessed a different perspective altogether. As the Anglophones made up the majority, they never felt threatened by the French Canadians in terms of culture or heritage. Oftentimes, they were positioned on the favourable side of the spectrum, meaning many of them were not drastically affected by the social problem (with the exception of the rebellion). In instances where they did play a part, however, most English-speaking citizens were in strong favour of the proposed legislature, for example military service for Britain, as the government catered mainly to their needs. Most if not all English Canadians supported conscription and considered it a necessary act, as opposed to the outraged French Canadians.
Within the context of the larger social problem, that being the discrimination against the French Canadians within Quebec, there were many smaller examples of this social problem in which many individuals claimed the existence of the social problem.
The French Canadians, or more specifically the working class, saw the Chateau Clique as not interested in adequately addressing their demands. Many French leaders, such as Louis Joseph Papineau, leader of the Parti Patriote, rallied for responsible government. In 1834 Papineau drafted the 92 Resolutions to Britain to obtain this aim. Among others, these resolutions addressed many of the injustices facing the French Canadians, such as Resolutions 9-45, which demanded the renunciation the composition of the Legislative Council and the attainment of responsible government. Papineau stated that "We [French Canadians] will not cease our demands for full political rights and power. And though we feel uneasy, we hope that the British government will at last grant us justice. In this hope, we shall do nothing to hasten our separation from the mother country, unless it be to lead the people people towards that day, which will know monarchy nor aristocracy.". As well, in his report, Lord Durham recognized the tension between the French Canadian population and the Chateau Clique, finding "two warring nations within a single State; a struggle, not of principles, but of races; [in the form of] mortal hatred which now divides the inhabitants of Lower Canada into two hostile groups: French and English." To address this problem he proposed the union of Upper and Lower Canada, in hopes that the French Canadians would abandon their identity as a people.
Henri Bourassa was also a prominent individual who claimed in a severe injustice against the French Canadians. He was a fierce opponent of conscription and of Canada's ties to Britain. In the 1890's, Henri Bourassa and TJJ Loranger led a group of French Canadians that came up with the theory of 'compact of nationalities'. They advocated widely for the acceptance of French-speaking Canadians in to the society at large, and even requested that Wilfrid Laurier, the Prime Minister of Canada at that time, to include this theory into his 1897 agreement with the Premier of Manitoba. During the 1930's, the Union Nationale, under the leadership of Maurice Duplessis, tackled problems such as the Conscription Crisis, and later, the Quiet Revolution.
2. How the social problem was described by the groups and individuals involved
The French-speaking populations of Quebec constantly found themselves at a disadvantage in decisions of the government, who they claimed catered only to the needs of the English-speaking populations. The vast majority of the French-speaking Canadians were strongly opposed to issues that limited their rights, such as the monopolistic rule of the Chateau Clique or the establishment of conscription. Henri Bourassa, a prominent individual in the social problem, is quoted saying "Weigh my words: for French Canadians, the advent of [an injust act] would trigger a process that would soon transform what is now perhaps the most peaceful and most orderly people in the Americas into a revolutionary people. Once unleashed, this revolutionary spirit would rage not only against the military regime, but everywhere: in factories, in agriculture, in every area of industry, society and politics.” Many other members of the francophone community shared this view.
On the other hand, the Anglophone community possessed a different perspective altogether. As the Anglophones made up the majority, they never felt threatened by the French Canadians in terms of culture or heritage. Oftentimes, they were positioned on the favourable side of the spectrum, meaning many of them were not drastically affected by the social problem (with the exception of the rebellion). In instances where they did play a part, however, most English-speaking citizens were in strong favour of the proposed legislature, for example military service for Britain, as the government catered mainly to their needs. Most if not all English Canadians supported conscription and considered it a necessary act, as opposed to the outraged French Canadians.
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3. Individuals or groups who were held responsible for the social
problem
There are many individuals and organizations who can be held responsible for the social problem. They are listed below:
Chateau Clique
The Chateau Clique were a group of English-speaking rulers appointed by the British government to exert a monopolistic, un-contested rule over the economic and political life of citizens of Lower Canada. As the Chateau Clique was composed of English-speaking citizens of the upper class, they rarely showed sympathy for French Canadian problems. Generally, they advocated for the assimilation of the French Canadian culture of Lower Canada into that of the English Canadians.
Prime Minister Wilfrid Laurier (1841-1919) - 7th Prime Minister of Canada (1896-1911)
Laurier was responsible for deepening the rift between English and French Canadians by the use of his 'sunny ways' method to resolve matters such as Canada's military involvement in British conflict and conscription. In general, French Canadians strongly opposed any sort of involvement in the Boer War and World War I. They felt as though they had no loyalty to Britain and believed that this action would set a precedent for future British conflicts. The English Canadians, on the other hand, felt a strong emotional attachment to Britain and supported Canada's aid to Britain. Ultimately, Laurier decided on a compromise: voluntary forces would be sent to participate in the wars. This outraged both the English and the French Canadians whom believed that this solution was less than satisfactory.
Prime Minister Robert Borden
Prime Minister Robert Borden was responsible for enacting the Military Service Act due to a lack of soldiers to send to Britain, which incited mandatory conscription for all eligible Canadian men. This outraged the French Canadians who strongly opposed conscription. His actions ultimately led to an even larger rift between the French and English-speaking populations of Canada, who both felt as if their wishes were not being carried out by the government.
problem
There are many individuals and organizations who can be held responsible for the social problem. They are listed below:
Chateau Clique
The Chateau Clique were a group of English-speaking rulers appointed by the British government to exert a monopolistic, un-contested rule over the economic and political life of citizens of Lower Canada. As the Chateau Clique was composed of English-speaking citizens of the upper class, they rarely showed sympathy for French Canadian problems. Generally, they advocated for the assimilation of the French Canadian culture of Lower Canada into that of the English Canadians.
Prime Minister Wilfrid Laurier (1841-1919) - 7th Prime Minister of Canada (1896-1911)
Laurier was responsible for deepening the rift between English and French Canadians by the use of his 'sunny ways' method to resolve matters such as Canada's military involvement in British conflict and conscription. In general, French Canadians strongly opposed any sort of involvement in the Boer War and World War I. They felt as though they had no loyalty to Britain and believed that this action would set a precedent for future British conflicts. The English Canadians, on the other hand, felt a strong emotional attachment to Britain and supported Canada's aid to Britain. Ultimately, Laurier decided on a compromise: voluntary forces would be sent to participate in the wars. This outraged both the English and the French Canadians whom believed that this solution was less than satisfactory.
Prime Minister Robert Borden
Prime Minister Robert Borden was responsible for enacting the Military Service Act due to a lack of soldiers to send to Britain, which incited mandatory conscription for all eligible Canadian men. This outraged the French Canadians who strongly opposed conscription. His actions ultimately led to an even larger rift between the French and English-speaking populations of Canada, who both felt as if their wishes were not being carried out by the government.